FEATURE-Curb soaring population growth? Keep girls in school
Mon Oct 24, 2011 12:38pm GMT
* Education best way to fight high fertility -experts
* 215 million women lack access to modern contraception
(This feature is part of a package of stories from Reuters correspondents
around the globe ahead of U.N. projections that the world's population will
reach 7 billion on Oct. 31.)
By Julie Steenhuysen
CHICAGO, Oct 24 (Reuters) - Former Irish President Mary Robinson was just
making polite conversation when she asked an Ethiopian teenager about her
wedding day.
The 16-year-old had already been married a year.
"She looked at me with the saddest eyes and said, 'I had to drop out of
school,'" Robinson said in a telephone interview.
"That conveyed to me the reality," said Robinson, the first woman to serve
as Ireland's president and former U.N. high commissioner for human rights.
"Her life, as far as she is concerned, had more or less ended."
Robinson said keeping girls in school was one of the most important things
policymakers could do to address the coming challenges of an ever-increasing
population, predicted by the United Nations to reach 7 billion at the end of
the month.
"European countries are concerned about aging populations as is Japan, but
this is much less of an issue than the huge bulge of people which we are
going to see over the next 40 years when the population goes from 7 billion
to 9 billion people," she said.
"Almost all of that increase will be in poor developing countries, so that
we have a very big demographic challenge."
Family planning experts worry in particular about the looming population
boom in sub-Saharan Africa.
In May, the United Nations projected the world population would reach 9.3
billion in 2050 and 10.1 billion by 2100. Much of that growth will come from
Africa, where the population is growing at 2.3 percent a year -- more than
double Asia's 1 percent growth rate. If that rate stays consistent, which is
not certain, Africa's population will more than triple to 3.6 billion by
2100 from the current 1 billion.
Joel Cohen, a professor of population studies at Rockefeller University and
Columbia University in New York, said universal secondary education offered
a way to reduce population in high-fertility regions.
In addition to providing information about contraception, a secondary
education motivates women to reduce their own fertility, improve the health
of their children and allows them to move from a mind-set of having many
children in the hopes that some will survive to improving the quality of
each child's life, Cohen wrote in the journal Nature.
"Although there are other factors at work, in many developing countries,
women who complete secondary school average at least one child fewer per
lifetime than women who complete primary school only," he added.
Most family planning experts warn against extreme coercive population
control measures, such as China's "One Child" policy, which since 1980 has
limited parents to only one child. The uniquely draconian policy succeeded
in limiting the growth of the world's largest population but led to other
problems such as skewing the demographic toward males and creating a
disproportionate aging population.
Dr. Babatunde Osotimehin, former Nigerian health minister and executive
director of the United Nations Population Fund or UNFPA, told Reuters his
focus is very much on empowering women in such a way as to change the
cultural norms.
"When a young woman goes through at least secondary education, her children
survive better, physically they mature, emotionally they mature, and because
they have education, they are able to make choices," Osotimehin said.
"It is not just their ability to make the choice about family planning. It's
also that they have power of their own, which enables them to live a life of
dignity and respect."
LACK OF ACCESS
Africa is full of examples of countries struggling with efforts to attain
full educational enrollment in the face of high fertility, said Dr. Fred
Sai, Ghanaian physician and former director general of the International
Planned Parenthood Federation.
"Family planning can help to slow down population growth in those regions
and countries where the fertility rates are over two (children) per woman
and especially where women want and need family planning and have no
access."
According to UNFPA, more than 215 million women want to delay or prevent
pregnancies but lack modern contraception.
Family planning experts are frustrated by lack of progress on commitments
made to improve women's sexual and reproductive health at the 1994
International Conference on Population and Development in Cairo.
Progress has been stalled in part, they say, by increasing pressure from
social conservatives, especially in the United States, who equate family
planning with abortion.
"Family planning is so much more than just access to abortion," said Lyndon
Haviland, a senior health fellow at the Aspen Institute, a nonpartisan think
tank in Washington.
"It's about healthy pregnancies. It's about building the future for young
girls," Haviland said.
"It's kind of ironic to me ... The easiest way to prevent abortion is to
fully fund family planning because abortion means a woman didn't have access
to family planning, she wasn't able to control what was happening with her
body."
Haviland and others argue that family planning is a development issue and
the lack of it can increase political tensions.
In Yemen, which has the highest rate of unmet need for family planning, the
population has doubled in less than 20 years and its high fertility rate of
some six children per woman is pressuring that nation's fragile economy,
Isobel Coleman of the U.S. Council on Foreign Relations said in a recent
policy report.
"Increasing access to family planning would help improve Yemen's long-term
prospects for achieving per capita growth and stability," Coleman said.
According to Coleman, 80 percent of all outbreaks of civil conflict between
1970 and 2007 occurred in countries with very young populations and that
threat dissipates as birth rates decline.
In Somalia, 70 percent of the population is under age 30, yet only 1 percent
of married women in Somalia have access to modern contraception, and the
country has one of the highest rates of population growth in the world.
That is something Robinson observed while visiting Somalia in July to draw
attention to the famine, which has killed nearly 30,000 children.
"One of the ways you open up a conversation is to ask how many children do
you have. Not a single woman said less than six children," Robinson said.
"They were having seven, eight, nine children because they hoped maybe one
or two might survive -- an appalling situation for any mother to be in."
Robinson recalls her own struggle growing up in the west of Ireland in the
1950s.
"It was very much a Catholic-dominated environment," she said. "I became
increasingly aware of the many ways in which women were made to feel that
their role was to marry and become mothers. It was even in the constitution
that the place of the woman was in the home."
There was also no access to modern contraception, something Robinson set out
to change. She was elected to Ireland's Senate in 1969, and introduced a
bill in late 1970 to change the law making it a crime to buy or sell a
condom.
Robinson was denounced from church pulpits but held firm.
"It brought home to me that it's not just a matter of changing legislation.
It's a deeply cultural behavioral issue," she said.
"There has to be very wide discussion and the real change has to come
through education and through a bottom-up approach in communities."
Robinson urged governments not to turn to coercive population control
strategies.
"We know what works. What works is education of girls and women and access
to healthcare, so that mothers will know their children will survive," she
said. (Editing by Peter Cooney)
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Received on Mon Oct 24 2011 - 10:26:24 EDT