From: wolda002@umn.edu
Date: Thu Feb 12 2009 - 18:56:12 EST
US and Europe Must pay Reparations to Victims of Slavery and Colonialism
WorldNews.com
The lack of development in Africa and the poverty of millions of African
Americans have been blamed on a number of factors but the most serious of
all are the evils of slavery and colonialism. There has been a number of
voices in America, Europe the Caribbean, Latin America, Australia and
Africa that the US and European nations should pay reparations to Africa
Americans, Africa and the Caribbean Islands for the sufferings they endured
under slavery and colonialism.
Very few will disagree on the negative impacts that slavery and colonialism
have had on Africa, African Americans and the Caribbean Islands. Centuries
of slavery and colonialism deprived the continent of her able human and
economic resources. These able men and women who were carried away to work
in the plantations of the Americas (in all about 30 - 40 million people)
helped to make America and Europe what they are today. Millions of young
Africans were forced to abandon the continent of their birth and were
shipped several thousands of miles away to lands where they had no
historical attachment with. They travelled in very deplorable conditions,
often without adequate food, water and air. While in the New World they
were made to work for centuries without pay. They were denied every right
enjoyed by humans on the planet. Some even worked till they dropped dead.
The slave trade deprived the continent of her energetic men and women a
vital resource in any development process and sunk the continent into
intellectual wilderness.
Colonialism
About the same time that slavery was being vigorously pursued, plans were
hatched by the European powers made up of Belgium, Britain, France,
Germany, Portugal, Spain and others to carve Africa for themselves without
consulting the Africans an act that can only be described as robbery. The
Scramble for Africa as it is sometimes called gave the Europeans the legal
power to do as they pleased in Africa. As a result, the natural resources
including timber, gold, diamond, tin ore, ivory, bauxite, rubber and many
more were systematically looted in large quantities from the countries they
colonised. The irony is that virtually all the incomes from these resources
were used to finance the economic, social and the infrastructural
development of the European countries with little or nothing at all being
used to develop the various countries where these resources came from.
A clear example is the case of Democratic Republic of Congo where King
Leopold II of Belgium enslaved the Africans, forced them to work without
pay, killed about 10 million and looted the country of her resources and
virtually nothing was used to invest in the country except guns which the
Belgium army used to terrorise and kill the Africans. Africans who could
not meet their daily target of rubber supply had their wives ceased and
their hands chopped off by Leopold's army officers.Leopold even went to the
extreme to exhibit Africans in Belgium Zoos. When the DRC was transferred
from Leopold II to the Belgium state, the looting and killing continued
till DRC gained her ‘independence’ in the 1960s. In fact DRC (Congo
Free State) was the main supplier of rubber a vital raw material for the
tyre industry and all the money from the sale of the rubber went to
Belgium. King Leopold II was able to transform Belgium as one of the
poorest countries in Europe into one of the wealthiest, courtesy the
enslavement and looting of Africans and their resources.
Belgium was not alone in what she did to the continent. Britain, France,
Spain, Portugal, Germany and Italy all looted Africa of her gold, diamond,
ivory, timber, cobalt, coltan, tin ore, bauxite, manganese and all the
minerals you can think of. The Africans who resisted the illegal activities
were killed in their millions as happened in South West Africa (now
Namibia) where the Germans in 1904 to 1907 committed the first genocide of
the 20th Century by killing the Herero and the Namaqua people. While Europe
became richer Africa became poorer and the trend continued till the 1950s
when the African countries started gaining their ‘independence’
beginning with Libya in 1951, Sudan, Morocco, Tunisia all in 1956 and Ghana
in 1957.
With little or no investment in the continent the various post colonial
governments inherited countries with practically no infrastructure: roads,
rails, harbours, airports, telecommunications, education, health and
sanitation. The only areas which saw some few infrastructure investments
during the colonial days were those where raw materials were heavily
extracted. The attainment of independence did not come on silver Plata.
Algeria, Zimbabwe, Angola, Kenya, Namibia and to some extent South Africa
all attained their independence from their colonial masters through arm
struggles.
This is why the call is growing for America and Europe to pay reparations
to these countries for what they did to them.
However there are many who argue that such reparations are not necessary.
They contend that African leaders wilfully cooperated with Europeans and
also benefited in cash and kind from the slave trade. They argue that the
slave trade was a mutual agreement between the buyers and sellers. On
colonialism the argument is the same, that the European nations brought
civilisation and development to Africa while they also benefited from the
exploitation of the rich resources in Africa. So it was also a mutual
agreement. They further argue that countries such as Britain, America and
Australia have already issued apologies to the victims of slavery and that
should be enough to pacify the situation.
I do not agree in any form or shape that slavery and colonialism were based
on mutual benefit or agreement. What is so sad is that Africans never
invited Europeans to Africa in the first place. Secondly, the artificial
boundaries erected by Europeans without any input from Africans have
divided tribes, destroyed cultures as well as social and economic cohesions
that have existed for centuries. Such partition which was based on greed is
partly to blame for the internal conflicts currently going in Africa.
Thirdly, the wars, the ethnic divisions, and destructions that accompanied
Europeans when they came were foreign to Africa. Africa is still suffering
from their contacts with Europeans today. Besides, the abolishment of the
slave trade itself is a proof that it was an evil trade perpetrated by
Europeans for their own selfish gains. Furthermore, the fact that Europeans
reluctantly gave up their political hold on power without relinquishing
their economic interests is another proof that they only sought to enrich
themselves at the expense of Africans.
If the slave trade and colonialism were based on mutual benefit then why
did Europeans decide to abolish it? If the trade was based on mutual
agreement between the buyers and sellers then how about those who worked
for centuries in the plantations without pay was that a mutual agreement
too? What civilisation and development did Europeans bring to Africa? It is
the millions of people who could not read or write when Britain left Ghana
or the complete lack of infrastructure in Congo when Belgium gave them
‘independence’?
Are apologies alone enough to pacify the forceful deportation of millions
against their will? How about the millions who died on the way to the
journey of no return? How about the victims of slavery who endured
humiliations, rape, torture and death on their way to the New World? Or the
humiliations, rape, torture, death and the inhuman treatment of victims of
slavery who were ‘lucky’ to get to the New World? How about the
millions of children who lost their parents as a result of the forceful
deportations and had to endure loneliness and neglect was that a mutual
benefit too? How about the single mothers and fathers who were left to bear
the hardship of caring for the children when their husbands and wives were
taken away? Was that a mutual agreement too?
Evidence of exploitation, racism and extreme discrimination in South
Africa, Namibia, Zimbabwe, Kenya, Algeria, Congo Free State (former Zaire)
and now DR Congo point to the fact that colonialism was not based on mutual
benefit but were rather an attempt by Europe and America to enrich
themselves at the expense of Africans and people of colour.
The humiliations, torture, lynching, racism, Jim Crow segregation laws,
economic and social discrimination and marginalisation meted out to African
Americans even centuries after slavery was abolished is another evidence
that Africa and people of African descent were victims of slavery and not
beneficiaries. And therefore as victims they must be fully compensated for
the unpaid labour as well as all the wrongs meted out to them. Apologies
alone are not enough and cannot correct centuries of inhumane treatment of
people who were also made in the image of God.
The huge benefits that slavery and colonialism brought to America and
Europe, and the denial of such benefits to the very people who worked to
bring the wealth is not only against natural law but is also against
anything human.
There is no excuse for the inexcusable crime of slavery and colonialism. It
is time for America and Europe to own their wrongful treatment of a section
of the earth’s citizens and pay reparations to the victims and their
families and the countries who suffered directly or indirectly from such
evils.
By Lord Aikins Adusei
Stockholm, Sweden