http://washpost.bloomberg.com/Story?docId=1376-N3AT5G6S972L01-7E5OMK8E6ESKJPQ1RBT93RR8GL
South Sudan Ethnic Hatred Drives Rebel Leader's White Army
William DavisonApr 01, 2014 11:20 am ET
(Updates with percentage of unified Sudan's oil output taken at
independence.)
April 1 (Bloomberg) -- Dozens of South Sudanese men chanted war songs, blew
whistles and brandished AK-47 rifles with a longing for ethnic revenge.
All members of the Nuer ethnic group, the troops of the so- called White
Army who gathered by the Sobat River in eastern South Sudan are the strike
force in rebel leader and former Vice President Riek Machar's campaign
against the government in Juba, the capital. They're planning to march on
Malakal, capital of Upper Nile state, and then attack the Paloch oil field,
a key source of revenue for President Salva Kiir's military.
While Machar sits in his bush hideout coordinating his rebellion's
positions on peace talks in the Ethiopian capital, Addis Ababa, and trying
to force Kiir into concessions, members of the White Army have more basic
desires. They're fired by reports of widespread killings of Nuer after
Kiir, an ethnic Dinka, accused Machar of attempting a coup d'etat in
December. New York-based Human Rights Watch said in January that as many as
300 Nuer were massacred on Dec. 16 in Juba.
"We don't fight against Salva Kiir because of food, we don't fight against
Salva Kiir because of water, we don't fight because of oil," Dak Chany, a
37-year-old father of two who has horizontal scars on his forehead that
were part of his initiation into adulthood, said in an interview on March
26 in Nasir, about 190 kilometers (118 miles) east of Malakal. "We fight
against him because he killed our brothers, fathers, mothers."
Militia Violence
The violence threw the world's newest nation into civil war, killed
thousands of people and forced at least 860,000 more to flee their homes,
according to the United Nations. China National Petroleum Corp., India's
Oil & Natural Gas Corp. and Petroliam Nasional Bhd., the main producers of
South Sudan's oil, evacuated employees because of the fighting.
East African leaders have proposed sending a regional military force by the
middle of this month to protect 36 cease- fire monitors and oil fields in
South Sudan.
South Sudan gained independence from Sudan in July 2011, taking about
three-quarters of the formerly unified nation's crude output. It's now
producing about 160,000 barrels per day of oil from fields in Upper Nile,
according to the government. The state produces Dar Blend, a low-sulfur
crude prized by Japanese buyers as a cleaner-burning fuel for power plants.
Even before the national crisis exploded, Nuer militias and fighters from
the Murle group in Jonglei state carried out massacres of each other's
civilians in a battle over cattle and land rights, according to the UN.
Control 'Difficult'
The White Army is "definitely difficult to control, their discipline is
wanting," Machar, 60, said in a March 27 interview, sitting on an office
chair next to a table with his satellite phone, a tablet and a book on
failed states in the shade of a tree alive with weaver birds. "We hope we
will improve on that with time."
White Army leaders and Machar have different objectives, said John Young,
author of The Fate of Sudan: The Origins and Consequences of a Flawed Peace
Process. Machar wants to be a national rather than ethnic leader, and
attacking the oil fields in Upper Nile state is part of his strategy to
cripple Kiir's sources of revenue and win concessions, he said.
"He understands that you have to make compromises," Young said in a March
30 interview by phone from Vancouver. "His military commanders don't look
at the world that way. They want revenge and they want the Nuer to assume a
governing role in a post-Salva government. To try and balance those
perspectives is going to be very difficult."
Oil Shutdown
The White Army fighters, who may number as many as 50,000, comprise the
bulk of the insurgents in Upper Nile state, the only remaining
oil-producing region in South Sudan after wells in neighboring Unity were
shutdown because of the conflict, said the rebel commander in the area,
Major-General Gathoth Gatkuoth.
Underdevelopment, corruption and the targeted killings are the reasons for
the Nuer rebellion, rather than Machar's "democratic war" against Kiir, he
said in an interview in Nasir on March 27.
"You can disagree with anybody rivaling you," Gatkuoth said. "But you
cannot kill one tribe."
The White Army emerged in the early 1990s when Machar and Lam Akol, who's
from the Shilluk ethnic group, split from John Garang, the former leader of
the Sudan People's Liberation Movement who died in a helicopter crash in
2005. The SPLM has ruled South Sudan since independence.
Hip-Hop
The White Army's name derives from the practice of Nuer cattle herders
smearing themselves with pale ash to ward off insects.
Gun-toting White Army fighters are rarely out of sight in Nasir, where
American hip-hop music pumping out of aging speakers as young men in
knock-off soccer shirts hang out on the side of its dirt roads. Others sit
in the shade of wooden shacks drinking sweet tea served by women in
headscarves.
Piles of Nyala cigarettes from Ethiopia reveal a trickle of trade with the
Horn of Africa nation, whose border lies 30 kilometers away along the Sobat
River.
Some gunmen ride around in a handful of scarred Toyota pick-up trucks.
After dusk on the town's periphery, howling dogs and the roar of a
generator from a UN compound are punctuated by air-shots from exuberant
militiamen.
Gatkuoth said his brief visit to Nasir from the front line is to mobilize
the fighters for the offensive. They'll have to advance on foot because the
insurgents "don't have any money" for the rebellion, he said.
"The rest who are here should follow us instead of play here," he said. "We
are just depending on the local resources of our people."
Rachel Nyachop, 47, said she came from Malakal and is in Nasir looking for
food. She's lost three sons in this war, which she is adamant should
continue.
"The war will not be stopped until we kill all Dinka, including the
children," she said.
Received on Tue Apr 01 2014 - 15:12:27 EDT