THINK AGAIN: Renamo's renaissance, and civil war as election strategy
22 October 2014
In 2009, the Mozambican National Resistance (Renamo) recorded its worst ever
showing in an election. Its candidate, rebel leader Afonso Dhlakama, was
trying so hard to play the respectable politician, yet he received only 650
679 votes (16,41% of the total). This was, astoundingly, over 300 000 votes
fewer than he had garnered in the 2004 poll.
At the same time, Renamo won just 51 seats in Parliament, down from 91 seats
in the previous session. By anyone's estimation, it was a catastrophic
showing for the party that had effectively invented opposition politics in
the country. It had fought to end the Front for the Liberation of
Mozambique's (Frelimo's) de facto one-party state both during the country's
bloody civil war (which only ended with the 1992 peace agreement), and in
the post-civil war democratic elections that followed thereafter.
It seemed as if Dhlakama and his Renamo movement were a spent force.
Incoherent and disorganised, and dogged by its dodgy historical links to the
apartheid government in South Africa, the party had lost ground not only to
the ruling Frelimo but also to the young upstarts of the Movement for
Democracy in Mozambique (MDM). The MDM, a breakaway faction of Renamo, had
sprung up to claim 8,59% of the electorate.
Of course, Renamo cried foul, alleging that the election was rigged and
initially refusing to recognise the results. But its leaders must have known
that the sheer scale of the drop in support indicated that the real problem
lay within its own ranks. If Renamo were to remain relevant - if they were
to seriously compete for power in 2014, and for
<
http://www.issafrica.org/iss-today/investors-hold-their-breath-as-mozambiqu
e-votes> a share of Mozambique's impending oil and gas boom - then something
needed to change.
And so the party returned to doing what it does best: no, not electoral
politics, but armed resistance. In 2012, Dhlakama began to resurrect his
fighting force, re-establishing a military base in the Gorongosa region and
arming Renamo veterans. By October 2013, he was confident enough to rip up
the ceasefire that had ended the civil war in 1992. 'Peace is over in the
country,' said a Renamo spokesperson. These weren't just words: Renamo
launched deadly attacks on targets such as police stations and highways,
resulting in dozens of deaths (both military and civilian). The civil war
was back, albeit at a far lower intensity.
At the same time, Renamo announced that it would boycott the upcoming
municipal elections in November 2013, decrying the politicisation of the
electoral system and the blurring of lines between Frelimo and the state
(both valid criticisms). It made good on this threat, and its absence
allowed the MDM to make significant gains in many of the country's most
important municipalities.
Renamo, it seemed, were weaker than ever before. 'Dhlakama has backed
himself into a corner from which there is no obvious exit,' wrote veteran
Mozambique researcher Joseph Hanlon in late 2013, a conclusion shared by
most analysts. But Dhlakama found a way out.
Eventually, Renamo's intransigence and the threat of even more violence
forced the government to the negotiating table - although critics say the
government should have acted much sooner to nip the Renamo threat in the
bud. Anxious to deal with the situation before the presidential elections,
President Armando Guebuza allowed Renamo to extract several key concessions.
These included greater representation for Renamo in state institutions,
especially the armed forces; reform of the electoral system to make it
harder to rig elections in Frelimo's favour; and a general amnesty for
Dhlakama and his supporters.
The new peace deal was concluded on 5 September 2014, with Guebuza and
Dhlakama shaking hands in a ceremony in Maputo. The very next day, Dhlakama
hit the campaign trail.
At this point, the odds were still stacked against Dhlakama and Renamo. With
little over a month before the polls, his opponents had enjoyed a
substantial head start on campaigning. And surely Mozambicans would not take
kindly to political groups that make their demands at the barrel of a gun:
that threaten to plunge the country into civil war if they don't get their
way.
In fact, the opposite was true. Everywhere Dhlakama went, he received a
hero's welcome. Unlike Frelimo rallies, where crowds were lured by the
promise of free merchandise and celebrity entertainment, Renamo rallies were
chaotic and disorganised. But still people came, and waited for hours just
to get a glimpse of the man who had somehow turned himself into a beacon of
hope for the huge sections of society that feel marginalised by Frelimo's
length rule.
'Dhlakama has won admiration by apparently forcing Frelimo to make political
concessions it has been resisting for decades. He even seems to be enjoying
- perhaps unjustly - much of the credit for the peace that has come just in
time for the election. Emerging from hiding only after the peace agreement
was signed was a clever move that brought his supporters out in droves to
welcome him as a hero,' wrote journalist Cait Reid for African Arguments.
Far from being Renamo's death knell, its resumption of hostilities was a
political masterstroke. It was able to depict itself as the party that was
able to take real action to defend its principles, which it argued were for
the good of Mozambique as a whole. Dhlakama's rhetoric on the campaign trail
echoed this, and emphasised values such as tolerance and unity, which
contrasted sharply with Frelimo's either-with-us-or-against-us approach.
Oddly enough, by pulling out of the democratic process, Renamo was able to
demonstrate its commitment to it; at least as far as its constituency is
concerned.
The election results bear this out. Although the final results have yet to
be released, provisional results and a parallel count from the Electoral
Observatory of Mozambique give Renamo about 32% of the presidential vote -
double their proportion from 2009. Regardless of this feat, Renamo are
challenging the results and alleging that the vote was tampered with. It is
a dramatic return to form, and positions Renamo once again as the most
serious challenger to Frelimo's electoral stranglehold. As unlikely as it
may seem, Renamo's return to the bush had proved to be a most effective
campaign strategy.
It is also useful when it comes to negotiating the terms of Renamo's future
democratic engagement. On Sunday, Dhlakama declared the election a
'charade.' He warned that while he was committed to peacefully negotiating
his differences with Frelimo, he couldn't necessarily control his angry
supporters - thus leaving the threat of violence hanging in the air as he
voiced his demand for a government of national unity along Kenyan or
Zimbabwean lines. Given Renamo's history, and the new evidence of the
strength of its support base, Renamo remains a threat that Frelimo can't
afford to ignore.
Received on Wed Oct 22 2014 - 10:44:00 EDT