From: Biniam Tekle (biniamt@dehai.org)
Date: Wed Apr 28 2010 - 12:13:31 EDT
http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/archaeology/news/baboon-mummy-analysis-reveals-eritrea-and-ethiopia-as-location-of-land-of-punt-1954547.html
Baboon
mummy analysis reveals Eritrea and Ethiopia as location of land of Punt
By Owen Jarus
*Monday, 26 April 2010*
Analysis of mummified baboons in the British Museum has revealed the
location of the land of Punt as the area between Ethiopia and Eritrea. To
the Egyptians, Punt was a place of fragrances, giraffes, electrum and other
exotic goods, and was sometimes referred to as Ta-netjer, or 'God’s land'.
There are several ancient Egyptian texts that record trade voyages to the
Land of Punt, dating up until the end of the New Kingdom, 3,000 years ago.
But until now scholars did not know where Punt was. Ancient texts offer only
vague allusions to its location and no 'Puntite' civilization has been
discovered. Somalia, Ethiopia, Yemen and even Mozambique have all been
offered as possible locations.
However, it appears that the search for Punt may have come to an end
according to new research which claims to prove that it was located in
Eritrea/East Ethiopia. Live baboons were among the goods that we know the
Egyptians got from Punt. The research team included Professor Salima Ikram
from the Egyptian Museum, Cairo, and Professor Nathaniel Dominy and graduate
student Gillian Leigh Moritz, both from the University of California, Santa
Cruz.
The team studied two baboon mummies in the British Museum. By analysing
hairs from these baboons using oxygen isotope analysis, they were able to
work out where they originated. Oxygen isotopes act as a 'signal' that can
let scientists know where they came from. Depending on the environment an
animal lived in, the ratio of different isotopes of oxygen will be
different. “Oxygen tends to vary as a function of rainfall and the water
composition of plants and seed,” said Professor Nathaniel Dominy of UC Santa
Cruz.
Only one of the two baboons was suitable for the research – the other had
spent time in Thebes as an exotic pet, and so its isotopic data had been
distorted. Working on the baboon discovered in the Valley of the Kings, the
researchers compared the oxygen isotope values in the ancient baboons to
those found in their modern day brethren. Although isotope values in baboons
in Somalia, Yemen and Mozambique did not match, those in Eritrea and Eastern
Ethiopia were closely matched.
“All of our specimens in Eritrea and a certain number of our specimens from
Ethiopia – that are basically due west from Eritrea – those are good
matches,” said Professor Dominy.
The team were unable to compare the mummies with baboons in Yemen. However,
Professor Dominy reasoned that “We can tell, based on the isotopic maps of
the region, that a baboon from Yemen would look an awful lot like a baboon
from Somalia isotopically.” As Somalia is definitely not the place of origin
for the baboon, this suggests that Yemen is not the place of origin either.
He concluded that “We think Punt is a sort of circumscribed region that
includes eastern Ethiopia and all of Eritrea.”
The team also think that they may have discovered the location of the
harbour that the Egyptians would have used to export the baboons and other
goods back to Egypt. Dominy points to an area just outside the modern city
of Massawa: “We have a specimen from that same harbour and that specimen is
a very good match to the mummy.”
Next, the team hopes to get the British Museum’s permission to take a
pea-sized sample of bone from the baboon mummy and use it strontium isotope
testing. This would hopefully confirm Eritrea/Eastern Ethiopia as the
baboon’s origin and narrow down its location more specifically.
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