Two decades ago, Eritrea made a bold move by expelling USAID and halting the operations of other foreign development agencies. The decision, led by th country’s long-standing leader Isaias Afewerki, was rooted in the belief that Africa’s future depended on self-reliance. As he explained in an interview with the Financial Times before the expulsion, “If you need something and no one is giving it to you, you struggle even harder to do it on your own.” Now, as global aid systems face unprecedented challenges, many African nations are beginning to confront a similar reality—surviving without the extensive foreign assistance they’ve relied on for decades.

The global aid landscape is shifting dramatically. The decline of USAID’s influence, partly triggered by the Covid-19 pandemic and the ongoing geopolitical shifts such as the Russian invasion of Ukraine, has left African countries grappling with an uncertain future. With USAID slashing its funding......

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